SCI.POLYMERS FAQ

Last-modified: March 6th, 1996

This FAQ was originally compiled by Jim Coffey with contributions from readers of sci.polymers. It is currently maintained by Steve Spanoudis (spanoudi@lexmark.com) and Greg Koski (ghkoski@polymers.com).

Hello everyone. This is the latest version of the new FAQ. No major changes - a few additions and corrections. There have been no complaints about the file size, so we'll leave the format unchanged for now. Please send any additions or corrections to Steve, Thanks.

Steve and Greg

A. Polymer Basics: (1) What is a "Polymer"; (2) Abbreviations for Common Polymers; (3) Polymer Properties; (4) Classification of Polymers; (5) Processing methods for Polymers; (6) Recycling of Polymers
B. Where to find Polymer Information on the Net: (7) WWW sites; (8) FTP archives
C. General Information: (9) Calendar; (10) Professional Organizations; (11) University Degree Programs; (12) Publications of Interest on Polymers; (13) Commercial Polymer producers
D. References: (14) Books on Polymers and Polymer Processing

(0) Where to find this FAQ

If you haven't done so, new users on the net should read

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(1) What is a "Polymer"

The word Polymer comes from the Greek "poly" meaning many, and "meros", parts or units. A polymer is a group of many units. You combine many monomers (one unit) to create a polymer.

Polymer is often used as a synonym for "plastic", but many biological and inorganic molecules are also polymeric. All plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics. Plastic actually refers to the way a material melts and flows.

Commercial polymers are formed through chemical reactions in large vessels under heat and pressure. Other ingredients are added to control how the polymer is formed and to produce the proper molecular length and desired properties. This chemical process is called "polymerization".

A homopolymer results from polymerizing only one kind of monomer. A copolymer results from using different monomers. Homopolymers have the same repeating unit while copolymers (which can be random, block, or graft) can vary have different numbers of repeating units. A terpolymer results from using three different monomers.

(2) Abbreviations for Common Polymers:

Polymers are commonly refered to by both their names and abbreviations. Commercial polymers are also frequently refered to by the trade names of their manufacturer.

ABS - acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer

BMC - thermoset polyester bulk molding compound

EVA - ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer

LCP - liquid crystal polymer

PA - polyamide, commonly called nylon

PAN - polyacrylonitrile

PAS - polyarylsulfone

PBD - polybutadine

PBT - polybuylene terephthalate

PC - polycarbonate

PE - polyethylene see also:

HDPE - high density PE

LDPE - low density PE

LLDPE - linear low density PE

VLDPE - very low density PE

HMW-HDPE - high molecular weight HDPE

UHMWPE - ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene

PEEK - polyetheretherketone

PEK - polyetherketone

PEI - polyetherimide

PES - polyethersulfone

PET - polyethylene terephthalate

PET-G - glycol modified PET

PI - polyisoprene

PS-b-PI - polystyrene/polyisoprene block copolymer

PI - polyimide

PK - polyketone

PMMA - polymethyl methacrylate, commonly called acrylic

PMP - polymethylpentene

POM - polyoxymethylene, commonly called acetal

PP - polypropylene, subdivided as:

homopolymer, random, impact and block copolymers

PPA - polyphthalamide

PPO/PPE - polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene ether

PPS - polyphenylene sulfide

PS - polystyrene

EPS - expanded polystyrene

HIPS - high impact polystyrene

PSO,PSU - polysulfone

PTFE - polytetrefluoroethylene

PU,PUR - polyurethane

PVA - polyvinyl alcohol (sometimes used for polyvinyl acetate)

PVAc - polyvinyl acetate

PVC - polyvinylchloride, commonly refered to as vinyl

PVOH - alternate abbreviation for polyvinyl alcohol

RUBBER

EPR - ethylene propylene rubber

SBR - styrene butadiene rubber

EPDM - ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber

SAN - styrene acrylonitrile copolymer

SI - silicone

SMC - thermoset polyester sheet molding compound

TPE - thermoplastic elastomer

TPO - thermoplastic olefin

TPU - thermoplastic urethane

UF - urea formaldehyde

(http://www.lexmark.com/ptc/tradname.html has a list of polymer abbreviations and tradenames)

(3) Polymer Properties

Polymers are characterized in many ways - by chemical or physical structure, by strength or thermal performance, by optical or electrical properties, etc.

Most textbooks will give qualitative and some quantitative data on polymer properties. Properties can vary widely however, between manufacturers, for different performance grades, due to additives and reinforcements, or other reasons. For more precise data, contact a representative from a polymer producer, compounder, or distributor for a spec sheet on a particular material and grade. Often grades are offered to suit the needs of specific types of applications.

Properties of interest typically include:

Physical Properties: Specific Gravity; Heat Capacity; Mold Shrinkage
Mechanical Properties: Strength (Tensile and Flexural); Modulus (Tensile and Flexural); Elongation; Hardness; Impact Resistance
Thermal Properties: Heat Deflection Temperature; VICAT Softening Temperature; Glass Transition Temp; Thermal Conductivity; Thermal Expansion
Processing Characteristics: Melt Flow Index; Melting Point, No-flow Temp; Shear Rate/Viscosity Relation; Compressibility (Pressure/Volume/Temperature Relation)
Optical Properties: Light Transmission; Haze; Refractive Index
Electrical Properties: Surface and Volume Resistivity; Dielectric Constant; Dielectric Strength; Dissipation Factor; Breakdown Voltage
Environmental Properties: Chemical Resistance; UV Resistance; Flame Resistance (UL Rating); Oxygen Index; Water Absorption
Morphology: Crystallinity; Orientation; Composition (Neat, Blended, Filled)

(http://www.lexmark.com/ptc/book6.html has a brief overview of properties for a number of commonly used polymers) (Property sheets for some specific polymers are available online at Phoenix http://www.polymers.com/phoenix/productg.html and at General Electric http://www.ge.com/gep/nav_prd.html)

(4) Classificaton of Polymers

There are many ways in which polymer properties or behavior are classified to make general descriptions and understanding easier. Some common classificatons are:

Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset:

Thermoplastics can be heated and formed, then re-heated and re-formed repeatedly. The shape of the polymer molecules is generally linear, or slightly branched, allowing them to flow under pressure when heated above the effective melting point.

Thermosets undergo a chemical as well as a phase change when they are heated. Their molecules form a three-dimensional cross-linked network. Once they are heated and formed they can not be reprocessed - the three- dimensional molecules can not be made to flow under pressure when heated.

Amorphous vs Crystalline:

Polymers with nearly linear structure, which have simple backbones, tend tend to be flexible and fold up to form very tightly packed and ordered areas called crystals. Levels of crystallinity can vary from zero to near 100%. Time and temperature during processing influence the degree of crystallinity. Crystalline polymers include: polyethylene, polypropylene, acetals, nylons, most thermoplastic polyesters, and in some cases polyvinyl chloride. Crystalline polymers have higher shrinkage, are generally opaque or translucent, good to excellent chemical resistance, low friction, good to excellent wear resistance.

Polymers with bulkier molecular chains or large branches or functional groups tend to be stiffer and will not fold up tight enough to form crystals. These polymers are referred to as "amorphous" and include: polystyrene, polycarbonate, acrylic, ABS, SAN, and polysulfone. Amorphous polymers have low shrinkage, good transparency, gradual softening when heated (no melting point), average to poor chemical resistance, high friction, and average to low wear resistance.

Addition vs. Condensation:

Polymers such as nylons, acetals, and polyesters are made by condensation or step-reaction polymerization where small molecules (monomers) of two different chemicals combine to form chains of alternating chemical groups. The length of molecules is determined by the number of active chain ends available to react with more monomer or the active ends of other molecules.

Polymers such as polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylic, and polyvinyl chloride are made by addition or chain-reaction polymerization where only one monomer species is used. The reaction is begun by an initiator which activates monomer molecules by the breaking a double bond between atoms and creating two bonding sites. These sites quickly react with sites on two other monomer molecules and so on. This continues until the initiator is used up and the reaction stops. The length of molecules is determined by the number of monomer molecules which can attach to a chain before the initiator is consumed and all molecules with initated bonding sites have reacted.

Commodity, Engineering, High Performance:

Another common classification of plastics is "commodity" versus "engineering". Commodity polymers have relatively low physical properties. They are used for consumer products which require low cost, disposability, packaging or container related, low stress and low temperature resistance, limited product life, and high volume production. (e.g. PE, PS, PP)

Engineering polymers have properties towards the high end of the spectrum. Strength and thermal resistance are the most significant. Their price may range from two to ten times as much as a commodity polymer. They are used in: housings, brackets, load bearing members, machine enclosures, and applications requiring wear resistance, long life expectency, flame resistance, and the ability to endure cyclic stress loading. (e.g. PC, POM, PBT)

The properties of high performance polymers are at the highest end of the spectrum, generally with very high strength and thermal resistance. They tend to be very expensive, priced above most engineering polymers. They are used in high temperature, high stress applications, in harsh environments, and low to medium volume production. (e.g. PEEK, PEI, LCP)

(5) Processing Methods for Polymers

There are many processing methods for polymers. Commercial processing equipment can range from a few thousand dollars to many millions of dollars.

In addition to the equipment itself, tooling is generally required to make a particular shape.

Molding

Compression Molding
Transfer Molding
Injection Molding: Gas Assisted Injection Molding (GAIN); Reaction Injection Molding (RIM/SRIM); Injection/Compression Molding
Blow Molding: Extrusion Blow Molding; Injection Blow Molding; Injection Stretch Blow Molding
Rotational Molding

Extrusion

Rod, Pipe, Sheet, Profile Extrusion
Coextrusion
Extruded/Blown Film
Extruded Foam
Pultrusion

Casting

Cast Film
Cast Shape
Vacuum Casting
Lay-Up

Forming

Vacuforming
Thermoforming
Pressure Forming

Calendering

Coating

Powder Coating
Dispersion Coating
Extrusion Coating and Laminating
Spray Coating
Dip Coating

Spinning

Fiber Spinning
Melt Blown Nonwoven Fiber

Many processing methods have their own Special Interest Group as a subdivision of the SPE.

(A good textbook for understanding different processing methods is the Plastic Engineering Handbook by SPI, Michael L. Berrins, Ed. (Van NostranReinhold, pub, c 1991, 845p.) ISBN 0-442-31799-9, LCCCN 90-22784)

(6) Recycling

Most thermoplastic polymers can be recycled - that is converted from their initial use as a consumer, business, or industrial product, back into a raw material from which some other product can be manufactured. Recycled materials are often classified as Post-Industrial and Post-Consumer. Post-Industrial includes such things as manufacturing scrap, containers and packaging. Post-Consumer is basically any product, container, packaging, etc. that has passed through the hands of a consumer, e.g. plastics bags, beverage containers, carpeting, home appliances, toys, etc.

Thermoset polymers can only be recycled for use as an inert filler (something to take up space) in another material.

The keys to effective recycling are:

an efficient infrastructure for collecting used materials
ease of separation and low levels of contamination
an established market for reprocessing/reusing the materials

There are many arguments whether there is not enough of a market for recycled materials to create the proper recycling infrastructure, or not a consistent supply of recycled material to encourage the growth of a market. In the case of the US paper industry, decreasing availability of virgin wood pulp rapidly created a profitable market for recycled paper.

The contamination issue is very important for plastics. While oil, grease, paper labels, glue, etc. will burn off when glass or metals are recycled, they become contaminants and degrade thermoplastics during reprocessing.

There are threee versions of the recycling logo. The original one was three arrows chasing each other in the shape of a triangle, the second was just a triangle, and the current one is a pair of angle brackets.

< 1 >

The number inside the triangle or brackets indicates the material used in the part.

There are six specific categories, and a generic seventh for "other". In the case of "other" it is good form to put the material name under the recycling logo.

SYMBOL              MATERIAL

  1             PET (polyethylene terphthalate)
                - beverage containers (2-liter soda bottles), boil-in
                   food pouches, processed meat packages, etc.

  2             HDPE (high density polyethylene)
                - milk bottles, detergent bottles, oil bottles, toys,
                   plastic bags

  3             PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
                - food wrap, vegetable oil bottles, blister packaging

  4             LDPE (low density polyethylene)
                - shrink-wrap, plastic bags, garment bags

  5             PP (polypropylene)
                - margarine and yogurt containers, grocery bags,
                caps for containers, carpet fiber, food wrap,

  6             PS (polystyrene)
                - plastic utensils, clothes hangars, foam cups and plates

  7             Other (all other polymers and polymer blends) including
                polycarbonate, ABS, PPO/PPE

(7) Polymer Resources on the Net - Selected World Wide Web Sites

(make shure you use upper and lower case letters as shown below - most UNIX-based sites are case sensitive)

http://www.bbsnet.com/spe/: Society of Plastics Engineers
http://www.sme.org/: Society of Manufacturing Engineers
http://eetsg22.bd.psu.edu: Plastics Engineering Technology at Penn State U. - Erie
http://eetsg22.bd.psu.edu/links/www.html: Penn State's Polymers Web site listing
http://xenoy.mae.cornell.edu/: CIMP Injection Molding Program at Cornell U.
http://www.cpt.stm.tudelft.nl/tms/tmshome.html: Department of Polymer Technology at Delft U.
http://www.polymers.com/: Polylinks maintained by Softweb Technologies
http://www.lexmark.com/ptc/ptc.html: Plastics Technology Center at Lexmark International Inc.
http://www.polysort.com/: Polymer Resource Network page at U. of Akron
http://www.polysort.com/akron.html: Polymer Information Center at U. of Akron
http://www.plasticsnet.com/: The Plastics Network
http://www.plastics.org: American Plastics Council
www.plastics.org is the American Plastics Council's website that provides information about the benefits of plastics and serves as a valuable educational resource tool for anyone interested in plastics and the plastics industry. The user is able to search for plastics related topics and access our two additional sites, www.ameriplas.org, which provides information on the APC trade association, APC's members, nuts and bolts facts on plastics, an on-line newsroom for APC events and press releases, APC's education programs, and information on the phenomenal economic contributions of plastics. www.plasticsresource.com is continuing to help make APC the worldwide source of information on plastics and the environment by linking to dozens of organizations and offering numerous reports, publications and various information on plastics and the environment as well as virtual tours and interactive mini-sites.
http://www.idesinc.com/ides/datashts.html: IDES Materials Database
http://www.nist.gov/item/About_MSEL.html: Material Science and Engineering Laboratory at NIST
http://lcwww.phys.cwru.edu: Liquid Crystal self-study guide at Case Western
http://www.umr.edu/~wlf/: University of Missouri at Rolla
http://cps-www.bu.edu/: Boston U's Center for Polymer Studies
http://www.actech.com/: AC Technologies (C-Mold simulation software)
http://www.worldserver.pipex.com/moldflow/usergroup/na_mfug.html: Moldflow Users Group home page
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/index.html: The U. of Southern Mississippi's Dept. of Polymer Science
http://www.polymers.com/phoenix.html: Phoenix Polymers
http://www.ge.com/gep/homepage.html: GE Plastics Home Page
http://www.eastman.com/ppbo/: Eastman Performance Plastics
http://www.idesinc.com/pd3: SPE Product Design and Development Division PD3 Home Page

(9) Calendar

Major events in the Polymer/Plastics Industry:

ANTEC - Annual Technical Conference of the SPE

Held in May each year

RETEC - Regional Technical Conference

Frequently held throughout the year in different locations

Generally focus on a special interest topic

K-Show - Kunststoffe und Kautschuk - the largest plastics trade show

and conference in the world

Held in October/November every three years in Dusseldorf, Germany

Next show is in 1998, contact 312-781-5180 for more

information

NPE - National Plastics Exposition - the largest US plastics trade show

and conference, sponsored by SPI

Held in June every three years in Chicago

Next show is in June of 1997

Plastics USA -

Held in September in Chicago in the years between NPE shows

Trade show and conference, sponsored by SPI

NDES - National Design Engineering Show, sponsored by NAM

Held annually in Chicago in March during National

manufacturing Week

Next show is March 18-21, 1996

(10) Professional and Industry Organizations

SPE: Society of Plastics Engineers; 14 Fairfield Drive, Brookfield, CT 06804; Phone 203-775-0471 Fax 203-775-8490
SPI: Society of the Plastics Industry; 1275 K Street NW, Suite 400; Washington D.C. 20005; Phone 202-371-5200 Fax 202-371-1022
ACS: American Chemical Society; Division of Polymer Chemistry; Division of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
APC: American Plastics Council; 1275 K Street NW; Washington, DC 20005; Phone 1-800-243-5790; BPF - British Plastics Federation; 6 Bath Place, Rivington Street; LONDON EC2A 3JE, England; Phone 00 44 +171 457 5000; Fax 00 44 +171 457 5045; email: bpf@dial.pipex.com
PINZ: Plastics Institute of New Zealand; P.O.Box 76378, Manakau City, Auckland, New Zealand.; Phone +64 9 262 3773
CANZ: Composites Association of New Zealand; 5 Balmacewen Road, Dunedin, New Zealand.; Phone +64 3 467 2514.
PIA: Plastics Industry Association [Australia]; 41-43 Exhibition Street, Melbourne Vic 3000 AUSTRALIA; Phone +61-3-654-2199 Fax +61-3-654-2384

(11) Universities with Degree Programs in Polymers

Undergraduate Programs:

Case Western Reserve University
UMass at Lowell
U of Southern Mississippi
Virginia Polytech

Graduate Programs:

University of Akron: Akron, OH 44325-0001; Department of Polymer Engineering; Dr. James White, Department Head
Case Western Reserve University: 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Science; Dr. John Blackwell, Department Chair, Phone 216-368-4450
Georgia Institute of Technology: Atlanta, GA 30332; School of Chemical Engineering; Dr. A.S.Abhiraman, Program in Polymers Coordinator
LeHigh University: 111 Research Dr, Bethlehem, PA 18015; Center for Polymer Science and Engineering; Dr. Mohamed S. El-Aaser, Director
University of Massachusettes at Amherst: Amgerst, MA 01003; Department of Polymer Science
University of Massachusettes at Lowell: 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854; Department of Plastics Engineering; Dr. Rudolph Deanin 508-934-3420 Graduate Coordinator for M.S.; Dr. Ross Stacer 508-924-2420 for PhD; Dr. Robert Nunn 508-934-3420 (chair) for Undergrad; Prof. Stephen Driscoll 508-934-3420 for night school Undergrad; Dr. Stanley Israel 508-934-3650 (chair) for Joing PhD in; Polymer Science/Plastics Engineering
McGill University / Institut Francais du Petrole: Montreal, Quebec, Canada / Paris France; Collaborative Graduate Program; Advanced Technology in Petrochemicals, Polymers, and Plastics
University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program; Dr. Frank Filisko, Graduate Committee Chair
Raleigh, NC 27695-7905: Department of Chemical Engineering; Department Head: Ruben Carbonell; Graduate Coordinator: Carol Hall; contact: Chris McDowell, (919)515-4701; e-mail: mcdowell@che.ncsu.edu
Polytechnic University of Brooklyn: Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201; Prof Eli Pearce or Allan S. Myerson, Phone 718-260-3620; E-mail amyerson@robling.poly.edeu
San Jose State University: San Jose, CA 95192; Department of Chemistry; Dr. Gerald Selter, Graduate Advisor
Univ. of Southern Mississippi: Hattiesburg, MS 39406; Department of Polymer Science, College of Science & Technology; Dr. Robert Lochhead, Department Head, Phone 601-266-4868
University of Tennessee: Knoxville, TN 37996; Departmen of Materials Science & Engineering; Dr. J.E. Spruiell, Department Head
Virginia Polytechnic and State University (also VPI or Virginia Tech): Blacksburg, VA 24061; Dr. Garth Wilkes, Chairman, 120 Patton Hall

(12) Publications of Interest on Polymers

All publications are monthly unless noted otherwise.

Injection Molding Magazine (Abbey Communications): 3400 East Bayaud Avenue, Suite 230, Denver, CO 80209; Phone 303-321-2322 Fax 303-321-3552; Editorial Contact Online I.D.: immck@aol.com or immmm@aol.com; ISSN 1071-362X
Journal of Polymer Science - Polymer Physics Edition (John Wiley & Sons)
Journal of Polymer Science - Polymer Chemistry Edition (John Wiley & Sons)
Makromoleculare Chemie
Macromolecules (ACS Journal)
Modern Plastics (McGraw-Hill): 1221 6th Avenue, New York, NY 10020; Phone 212-512-6242 Fax 212-512-6111; Editorial Comment Online I.D.: modplas@ios.com
Modern Plastics International (McGraw-Hill)
Plastics Compounding (Advanstar): (no longer being published ? May return)
Plastics Design Forum (Advanstar) (Bi-Monthly): (no longer being published ?)
Plastics Engineering (SPE Publication): 14 Fairfield Drive, Brookfield, CT 06804-0403; Phone 203-775-0471 Fax 203-775-8490; ISSN 0091-9578; (Note: Regional SPE Chapters and SPE Special Interest Divisions; tend to have quarterly publications of their own)
Plastics News (Crain Communications): 1725 Merriman Road, Akron, OH 44313-5251; Phone 216-836-9180 Fax 216-836-2322; ISSN 1042-802X
Plastics Technology (Bill Communications): 355 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010; Phone 212-592-6570 Fax 212-592-6579; Editorial Comment Phone: 212-592-6573; ISSN 0032-1257
Plastics World (PTN Publishing): Phone 516-845-2700 Fax 516-845-7109; 445 Broad Hollow Road, Melville NY 11747; ISSN 0032-1273
Polymer (a research Journal)
Polymer Composites (SPE Publication)
Polymer Engineering and Science (SPE Publication)
Polymer Processing and Rheology (SPE Publication)

Other publications with frequent Plastics/Polymers articles:

Appliance (Dana Chase): 1110 Jorie Boulevard, CS 9019, Oak Brook, IL 60522-9019; Phone 708-990-3484 Fax 708-990-0078; Editorial I.D.: scot@appliance.com or tim@appliance.com; ISSN 0003-6781
Design News (Cahners): 275 Washington Strees, Newton, MA 02158; Phone 617-964-3030 Fax 617-558-4402; Editorial Comment Online I.D.: DN@cahners
Machine Design (Penton Publishing): 1100 Superior Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114-2543; Phone 216-696-7000 Fax 216-621-8469; ISSN 0024-9114

(Polylinks has an extensive catalog of plastics publications at http://www.polymers.com/polylink/subs/polpub.html)

(13) Commercial Polymer Producers, Compounders, and Distributors

(This section is now a separate appendix with phone contact numbers in Appendix A.)

(14) Books on Polymers and Polymer Processing

This is a very brief sampling of some texts on polymer science, processing, properties and applications. SPE, McGraw Hill, Van Nostrand Reinhold, and John Wiley and Sons all have catalogs of available books on these subjects).

Plastic Engineering Handbook of the Society of the Plastics Industry, Michael L. Berrins, Ed. (Van Nostran Reinhold, pub, c 1991, 845p.) ISBN 0-442-31799-9, LCCCN 90-22784
Polymeric Materials and Processing, Jean-Michael Charrier, (SPE, pub, c 1990, 650p.) ISBN 0-19-520854-4
Plastics: How Structure Determines Properties, Geza Gruenwald (SPE , pub, c 1992, 352p.) ISBM 3-446-16520-7
Principals of Polymer Systems" Rodriguez (McGraw Hill, pub)
Fundamental Principles of Polymer Materials, Rosen (John Wiley and Sons, pub) ISBN 0-471-08704-1
Plastic Part Design for Injection Molding - An Introduction Robert A. Malloy (SPE, pub, c. 1994, 460p.) ISBN 1-56990-129-5
Designing with Plastics and Composites, a Handbook, D.V. Rosato and D.P. DiMattia (SPE, pub, c. 1991, 977p.) ISBN 0-442-00133-9
Plastics Polymer Science and Technology, Mahendra D. Baijal, Ed. (John Wiley & Sons, pub, c. 1982, 945p.) ISBN 0-471-04044-4
A catalog with many good text on various polymer/plastics subjects is available from SPE, in the US: Phone 203-775-0471 (Brookfield, CT), in Europe: Phone 32-0-2-774-9630 (Brussels, Belgium)

(15) Acknowledgements

Jim Coffey, Dr. Ulrich Seitz, Ramesh Lakshmi Narayan, David O Hunt, Jeff Vavasour, George D Ryerson, Abe Verghis, Dave Ingram, Mike Greenfield, Sami Mohammed, Paul D. Whaley, Tom Brady, Bob Hutchins, Ed Stokes, Larry Dodd, Mike Stewart, Russell Schulz, David Bick, Tony Foiani, Mike Pollard, Steve Baxter, Tony Tweedale, Kevin Patterson, Thomas Pierce, Stephen DeFosse, Marc Lavine, Jim Ure, Bernhard Wessling, B. L. Dowler, Bernie Doeser, Kevin Byrne, Thomas Guery, Darren Schilberg, Pete Logan, Eric Amis

Thanks to Steve Stivers for the Search Tool and sample Forms interface.

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